Validity and Reliability of Green Skills Instrument
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/sh.v10n3-3.1518Keywords:
Green skills, sustainability development, environmental awareness, green practice, attitude, knowledgeAbstract
Green Skills (GS) are the skills based on strong sustainability development from the aspects of technical, value knowledge and attitude that are needed by the workforce in developing economy and environment in the business, industry and society. The objective of this research was to validate the GS instrument. This research adopted the survey research method. Cluster random sampling and simple random sampling methods were utilised in selecting a total of 446 Secondary school students who enrolled the subject of Design all over Peninsular Malaysia. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) analyses were used to determine validity and reliability in measurement model. Measurement model was fitted the data and was accepted base on suitability index (fit indices), that has been achieved namely CMIN χ2=595.204, with degrees of freedom (df) 132, CMIN/df=4.509 (≤5.0), incremental fit CFI & IFI (≤0.9), and absolute fit RMSEA=0.8(≤0.8). The instrument has been proven to be a good instrument and passed the psychometrics standards. The research findings showed there were a total of 10 elements must be present in the students. The research implicated that GS Model can be used as guidance in cultivating GS in the learning process. This GS Model is expected to cultivate a balanced environment from the aspects of attitude, knowledge and values that are needed in the students. This GS Model also can be used as the basis in developing curriculum as an added-value in training design. Furthermore, it can be used as a module in learning process that gives importance to environmental awareness among students
References
Arasinah, K., Amarumi, A., Bushra Limuna, I., Normah, Z., & Faizal Amin, N. Y. (2017a). Integration of Green Skills in Sustainable Development in Technical and Vocational Education. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA), 7(12), 08-12. ISSN: 2248-9622. www.iiera.com.
Arasinah, K, Ridzwan, C. R, Mohd Bekri, R, Faizal, A, N. Y, Normah, Z., & Haryanti, M. A. (2017b). Exploring Green Skills: A Study on the Implementation of Green Skills among Secondary School Students, International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(12), 327-34.
Arasinah, K., Mustapha, R., Waliza, A. B., & Bushra Limuna, I. (2016). Green Skills as an added-value element in producing competent students. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 6(11), 12-21.
Bushro Limuna, I, Arasinah, K., Che Ghani, C. K., Kiong, T. Z., & Md. Bekri, R. (2016). Integrating element of green skills in the 21st century learning in ICEDU 3rd International Conference on Education, 20-22 April, 2016, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. http://ecuationconference.co/presentations/
Babbie, E. (2001). The Practice of Social Research, (9th. Ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publication Company.
Bartlett, J. E, Kotrlik, J. W & Hinggins, C. C. (2001). Organizational Research: Determining Appropriate Sample Sizein Survey Research. Information Technology, LearninG and Performance Journal, 19(1), 43-50.
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238-246.
Bentler, P. M., & Bonnet, D. G. (1980). Significance Tests And Goodness-Of-Fit In The Analysis Of Covariance Structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588-606.
Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural Equation Modeling With AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, And Programming (2nd ed.). New York, London: Taylor and Francis Group.
CEDEFOP (European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training). (2012a). A Strategy For Green Skills? A Study on Skill Needs and Training has Wider Lessons for Successful Transition to a Green Economy: Briefing Report. Greece: European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training.
CEDEFOP (European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training). (2010a). Skills for Green Job: European Synthesis Report. Luxembourg: Publication Office.
Cochran, W.G. (1977). Sampling Technique. New York: John Willey and Sons.
Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. SAGE Pulications.
Diep, P. C. & Hartmann, M. (2016). Green Skills in Vocational Teacher Education – a model of pedagogical competence for a world of sustainable development. In: TVET@Asia, issue 6, 1-19. Online: retrieved from http://www.tvet-online.asia/issue6/diep_hartmann_tvet6.pdf .
Erdogan, M. (2015). The Effect of Summer Environmental Education Program (SEEP) on Elementary School Students’ Environmental Literacy. International Journal of Environmental & Science Education, 10(2), 165–181.
Ernesto L. D. L. (2004). Awareness, Knowledge & Attitude about Environmental Education: Response from Environmental Specialist, High School Instructors, Students and Parents. Orlando: University of Central Florida.
Fornell, C., Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models With Unobservable Variables And Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18 (1), 39-50.
Frank, C. Leeming, William O’Dwyer, & Bruce, A, Bracken. (1995). Children’s Environmental Attitude and Knowledge Scale. Retrieved 14/5/2013 from http://www.meea.org/melab/CHEAKS.pdf .
Giolitte. P, Mathot. L, Pardo. A, & Vergnes, G. (1997). Environmental Education in the European Union. Brussels,Luxembourg.
Habsah, I.. (2000). Kefahaman guru terhadap konsep pendidikan bersepadu dalam KBSM. In Malay. Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Hair, J. F., Black, B., Babin, B., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis: A Global Perspective (7th ed.). New Jersey, USA: Pearson Education Inc.
Hanifah, M. (2014). Kesedaran dan Komitmen Pendiidkan Pembanguna Lestari Dalam Komuniti Sekolah Menerusi Program Sekolah Lestari di Malaysia. In Malay: Thesis: Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris.
Hasnah, A., Dody, D., Noraziah, A., Maznah, I., & Sarifah, Y.. (2012). Masyarakat dan Amalan Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal ke arah Kelestarian Komuniti: Kes isi rumah wanita di Bandar Baru Bangi, Malaysia. In Malay: Geografia Malaysia Journal of Society and Space, 29(5), 426–436.
Hatcher, L. (1994). A Step-By-Step Approach To Using SAS For Factor Analysis And Structural Equation Modeling. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff Criteria For Fit Indexes In Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria Versus New Alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55.
Hungerford, H. R., Bluhm, W.J., Volk, T. L., & Ramsey, J. M. (1998). Essential Readings In Environmental Education. Stipes Publishing, Champaign, Illinois.
Jamilah, A. & Hasrina, M. (2011). Pengetahuan, Sikap, Dan Amalan Masyarakat Malaysia Terhadap Isu Alam Sekitar. Bangi, Selangor: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Licy, C., Vivek, R., Saritha, K., Anies, T., & Josphina, C. (2013). Awareness, Attitude and Practise of Scholl Students toward Household Waste Management. Journal of Environment, 147–150.
McDonald, G., Condon, L., & Riordan, M. (2012). The Australian Green Skills Agreement Policy And Industry Context, Institutional Response And Green Skills Delivery. Broadway, Australia: TAFE Directors Australia.
Meenakshi, S. & Leela, R. (2014). Environmentally Sustainable Consumption: A Review And Agenda For Future Research. Global Journal of Finance and Management. 6(4), 367-374.
Marsh, H. W, & Hocevar, D. (1985). Application of Confirmatory Factor Analysis to the Study of Self-Concept: First and Higher-Order Factor Models and Their Invariance Across Groups. Psychological Bulletin, 97(3), 562-582.
Mac Diarmid, J. I., Douglas, F., & Campbell, J. (2016). Eating Like There's No Tomorrow: Public Awareness Of The Environmental Impact Of Food And Reluctance To Eat Less Meat As Part Of A Sustainable Diet. Appetite, 96, 487-493.
Mead, N. (2003). Will the Introduction of Teaching Standards in Professional Values and Practice Put the Heart Back into Primary Teacher Education? An International Journal of Personal, Social and Emotional Development , 21, 37-42.
Mohd Ali, S., Abdul Hadi, H., Norfarah, N., Noor Hasyimah, H., & Corrienna, A. T... (2014). The Effect off Online Project-Based Learning on Students Attitudes towards Renewable Energy. Malaysian Journal of Distance Education, 16(2), 39–57.
Mukesh Kumar Panth, Preetam Verma & Mansi Gupta. (2015). Environmetal Awareness, Role of Attitude. LAP Lambert Academic Publishing.
Mustafa, M.. (2010). A Study On Developing A General Attitude Scale About Environmental Issues For Students In Different Grade Levels. Asia-Pacific Forum on Science Learning and Teaching, 11(2), Article 3,.
Narendra Singh, & Karnika Gupta. (2013). Assessment of Emotional Intelligence Across Demographic Variables. Journal of Indian Health Psychology, 8(1), 21-41.
Nor Kalsum, M. I.. (2016). Pengetahuan, Sikap dan Tingkah Laku Pelajar UPSI Terhadap Prinsip-Prinsip Kampus Lestari. Jurnal Perspektif, 8(1), 29-41.
Othman, M. N., Ong, F. S. and Lim, M. H. 2004. Environmental Attitudes And Knowledge Of Teenage Consumers. Malaysian Journal of Consumer and Family Economics, 7, 66–78.
Pavlova, M. (2012). Generic Green Skills: Can They Be Addressed Through Technology Education?. Griffith University.
Pavlova, M. & Huang, C. L. (2013). Advancing Employability And Green Skills Development: Values Education In TVET, The Case Of The People’s Republic Of China, In Skills Development For Inclusive And Sustainable Growth In Developing Asia-Pacific. Technical and Vocational Education and Training. Issues, Concerns and Prospects, 18, 327-343.
Palmer, J., & Neal, P. (1998). The Handbook of Environmental Education. London: Routledge.
Ramlee, M.. (2015). Green and Sustainable Development for TVET in Asia. The International Journal of Technical and Vocational Education, 11(2), 133-142.
Ramsey, C. E., & Rickson, R. E. (1976). Environmental Knowledge And Attitudes. Journal of Environmental Education, 8(11), 10–18.
Rohana, S., Norazlina, S. & Khairuninsa, R.. (2013). Managing Public Transport Service Operation In Reducing Travel Fear Factor. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 101, 338-344.
Rose Aminah, A. R. (2015). Improving Attitude towards Green Environment Awareness Through the SLGEA-code module. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications, 5(3), 26–31.
Saravanan, Rosta H. & Ahmad, M. (2013). Amalan Penggunaan Lestari Dalam Kalangan Pelajar Tingkatan Empat Di Daerah Kluang Johor. Persidangan Kebangsaan Geografi Dan Alam Sekitar Kali Ke-4, 169–180. Jabatan Geografi dan Alam Sekitar, Fakulti Sains Kemanusiaan, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim on 5-6 Mac.
Shahrom, M. Z., Noor Ezlin, A. B., Fatihah, S., Othman, J., & Hassan, B. (2015). Pendidikan Alam Sekitar: Bagaimana Usaha-Usaha Dilakukan Dalam Proses Pengajaran Dan Pembelajaran. Bangi Selangor : UKM.
Siti Nor Syazwani, S., Mohd Safarin, N. & Muhammad Sukri, S. (2012). Integrasi Teknologi Hijau Dalam Kurikulum Pendidikan Teknik dan Vokasional (PTV). In Malay: Journal of Technical, Vocational & Engineering Education, 5, 11 - 19.
Strietska-Ilina, O., Hofman, C., Duran Haro, M., & Jeon, S. (2011). Skills for Green Jobs: A Global View. Synthesis Report Based on 21 Country Studies. Executive Summary. Geneva: International Labour Organisation.
Stuhmcke, M. S. (2012). Children as Change Agents For Sustainability, An Action Research Case Study In A Kinder Garden. Faculty of Education. Queensland University of Technology.
Suhaimi. N., Mahmud, S. M. Z., Mohamad Ariff, N. A., Hamzah, R., & Saud, M. S. (2010). Pelestarian Kurikulum Pendidikan Teknik Dan Vokasional. https://www.scribd.com/doc/74807856/Eprint16-Pelestarian-Kurikulum-Pendidikan-Teknik-Dan-Vokasional. [accessed 26th July 2017].
Schumacker, R., & Lomax, R. G. (2010). A Beginner's Guide to Structural Equation Modeling (3rd ed.). New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
Sterling, S., & Cooper, G. (1992). In Touch: Environment Education for Europe. Surrey, UK: WWF, Panda House.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education Inc.
Taylor, N. Quinn, F. & Eames,C. (2015). Educating for Sustainability in Primary Schools Teaching for the Future. Sense Publishers.
Teoh, E. S. (2016). An Evaluatian of Enviromental Education In Selected Primary Schools In Pahang, Malaysia. PhD Thesis Disertation. UPSI.
Tiwi Kamidin, & Roslan, S. (2014). Pendekatan Ekopsikologi dalam Pelaksanaan Pendidikan Alam Sekitar. Penerbit Universiti Putra Malaysia.
UNEVOC, International Centre for Technical and Vocational Education and Training. (2012). http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/. [Accessed 3th May 2016].
