A Conceptual Framework for Enhancing Safety Performance by Impact Cooperation Facilitation, Safety Communication and Work Environment: Jordanian Hospitals
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/sh.v11n2-2.1659Keywords:
Cooperation facilitation, safety communication and feedback, work environment, safety performanceAbstract
Safety in the workplace is essential to ensure organization survivability, constant operation and best work quality specifically in among the countries at the developing stage such as Jordan. Relatedly, safety performance is very crucial for organization performance measurement and corporate existence to practice safety management at workplace, and every level of organization structure. Thus, the need for enhancing safety at the work setting has been proposed by most scholars, industry practitioners and relevant stakeholders. Workers are exposed to a hazardous event at the workplace through chemical, ergonomic and biological exposures. Consequently, various degrees of accidents, injuries, and fatalities happened in the organization and lead to multiple levels of challenges to the organization and serve as indicator of poor safety performance within organization. Improvements in safety performance indicators are critical as they can help in improving organizational performance. The impact from poor safety performance indicator could be seen in various forms such as high medical bills, insurance costs and productivity losses. This paper develops a proposed safety performance framework for understanding safety management practices dimensions such as cooperation facilitation, and safety communication and feedback as antecedents of the work environment – the relationship of safety performance based on perceived social exchange theory (SET).
References
Abdullah, N. A. C., Spickett, J. T., Rumchev, K. B., & Dhaliwal, S. S. (2009). Assessing Employees' Perception On Health And Safety Management In Public Hospitals. International Review of Business Research Papers, 5(4), 54-72.
Abozead, S. E. S., Abuhasheesh, M., Nawafleh, H., Kawafha, M. M., & Al-Tarawneh, O. (2015). Knowledge and Practices Of Jordanian Nurses On Needlestick Injuries: An Evaluative Study. Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice, 23(1), 21-25.
Adams, J. M., Zimmermann, D., Cipriano, P. F., Pappas, S., & Batcheller, J. (2018). Improving the Work Life Of Health Care Workers: Building On Nursing’s Experience. Medical Care, 56(1), 1-3.
Al-Abdallat, E. M., Oqailan, A. M. A., Al Ali, R., Hudaib, A. A., & Salameh, G. A. M. (2015). Occupational Fatalities in Jordan. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 29, 25–29.
Alâ€Hamdan, Z., Oweidat, I. A., Alâ€Faouri, I., & Codier, E. (2017). Correlating Emotional Intelligence And Job Performance Among Jordanian Hospitals’ Registered Nurses. Nursing Forum, 52(1), 12-20.
Andersen, L. P., Nørdam, L., Joensson, T., Kines, P., & Nielsen, K. J. (2018). Social Identity, Safety Climate And Self-Reported Accidents Among Construction Workers. Construction Management and Economics, 36(1), 22-31.
Atefi, N., Abdullah, K. L., & Wong, L. P. (2014). Job satisfaction Of Malaysian Registered Nurses : A Qualitative Study. Nursing in Critical Care, 21(1), 8-17.
Battaglia, M., Frey, M., & Passetti, E. (2014). Accidents at Work And Costs Analysis: A Field Study In A Large Italian Company. Industrial Health, 52(4), 354-366.
Bergström, J., Miller, M., & Horneij, E. (2015). Work Environment Perceptions Following Relocation To Open-Plan Offices: A Twelve-Month Longitudinal Study. Work, 50(2), 221–228.
Beus, J. M., Dhanani, L. Y., & McCord, M. A. (2015). A Meta-Analysis Of Personality And Workplace Safety: Addressing Unanswered Questions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(2), 481-498.
Bhatnagar, A., Gupta, S., Alonge, O., & George, A. S. (2017). Primary Health Care Workers' Views Of Motivating Factors At Individual, Community And Organizational Levels: A Qualitative Study From Nasarawa And Ondo States, Nigeria. The International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 32(2), 217-233.
Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and Power In Social Life. New York, NY: Wiley.
Bosak, J., Coetsee, W. J., & Cullinane, S. J. (2013). Safety Climate Dimensions As Predictors For Risk Behavior. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 55, 256-264.
Brotfain, E., Livshiz-Riven, I., Gushansky, A., Erblat, A., Koyfman, L., Ziv, T., ... & Borer, A. (2017). Monitoring the Hand Hygiene Compliance Of Health Care Workers In A General Intensive Care Unit: Use Of Continuous Closed Circle Television Versus Overt Observation. American Journal of Infection Control, 45(8), 849-854.
Carayon, P., Hancock, P., Leveson, N., Noy, I., Sznelwar, L., & Van Hootegem, G. (2015). Advancing a Sociotechnical Systems Approach To Workplace Safety–Developing The Conceptual Framework. Ergonomics, 58(4), 548-564.
Chen, Y., McCabe, B., & Hyatt, D. (2017). Impact of Individual Resilience And Safety Climate On Safety Performance And Psychological Stress Of Construction Workers: A Case Study Of The Ontario Construction Industry. Journal of Safety Research, 61, 167-176.
Cigularov, K. P., Chen, P. Y., & Rosecrance, J. (2010). The Effects Of Error Management Climate And Safety Communication On Safety: A Multi-Level Study. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 42(5), 1498-1506.
Clarke, S. (2016). Managing The Risk Of Workplace Accidents. In R. J. Burke & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Risky Business: Psychological, Physical And Financial Costs Of High Risk Behavior In Organizations, 403-432. London: Routledge.
Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2013). Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis For The Behavioral Sciences. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Cooper, D. (2015). Effective Safety Leadership: Understanding Types And Styles That Improve Safety Performance. Professional Safety, 60(2), 49-53.
Cooper, M. D., & Phillips, R. A. (2004). Exploratory Analysis Of The Safety Climate And Safety Behavior Relationship. Journal of Safety Research, 35(5), 497-512.
Cornelissen, P. A., Van Hoof, J. J., & De Jong, M. D. (2017). Determinants of Safety Outcomes And Performance: A Systematic Literature Review Of Research In Four High-Risk Industries. Journal of Safety Research, 62, 127-141.
Cui, L., Fan, D., Fu, G., & Zhu, C. J. (2013). An Integrative Model Of Organizational Safety Behavior. Journal of Safety Research, 45, 37–46.
Curcuruto, M., Conchie, S. M., Mariani, M. G., & Violante, F. S. (2015). The Role Of Prosocial And Proactive Safety Behaviors In Predicting Safety Performance. Safety Science, 80, 317-323.
Dababneh, A., Fouad, R. H., & Majeed, A. J. H. (2018). Assessment of Occupational Safety And Health Performance Indicators For Jordan. Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 10(6S), 162-169.
Dai, C., Lan, L., & Lian, Z. (2014). Method for the Determination Of Optimal Work Environment In Office Buildings Considering Energy Consumption And Human Performance. Energy and Buildings, 76, 278–283.
DÃaz-Cabrera, D., Hernández-Fernaud, E., & Isla-DÃaz, R. (2007). An Evaluation Of A New Instrument To Measure Organisational Safety Culture Values And Practices. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 39(6), 1202–1211.
Dul, J., & Ceylan, C. (2014). The Impact Of A Creativity-Supporting Work Environment On A Firm’s Product Innovation Performance. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 31(6), 1254–1267.
Erdogan, B., Ozyilmaz, A., Bauer, T. N., & Emre, O. (2018). Accidents Happen: Psychological Empowerment As A Moderator Of Accident Involvement And Its Outcomes. Personnel Psychology, 71(1), 67-83.
Eskandari, D., Jafari, M. J., Mehrabi, Y., Kian, M. P., Charkhand, H., & Mirghotbi, M. (2017). A Qualitative Study On Organizational Factors Affecting Occupational Accidents. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 46(3), 380-388.
Fernández-Muñiz, B., Montes-Peón, J. M., & Vázquez-Ordás, C. J. (2012). Safety Climate In OHSAS 18001-Certified Organisations: Antecedents And Consequences Of Safety Behaviour. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 45, 745–758.
Fernández-Muñiz, B., Montes-Peón, J. M., & Vázquez-Ordás, C. J. (2017). The Role Of Safety Leadership And Working Conditions In Safety Performance In Process Industries. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 50, 403-415.
Ford, M. T., & Tetrick, L. E. (2011). Relations Among Occupational Hazards, Attitudes, And Safety Performance. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 16(1), 48-66.
Frohm, J., Lindström, V., Winroth, M., & Stahre, J. (2006). The Industry's View On Automation In Manufacturing. IFAC Proceedings Volumes, 39(4), 453-458.
Gibb, A., Lingard, H., Behm, M., & Cooke, T. (2014). Construction accident causality: Learning from Different Countries And Differing Consequences. Construction Management and Economics, 32(5), 446-459.
Goetsch, D. L. (2011). Occupational Safety And Health For Technologists, Engineers, And Managers (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Gopang, M. A., Nebhwani, M., Khatri, A., & Marri, H. B. (2017). An Assessment Of Occupational Health And Safety Measures And Performance Of Smes: An Empirical Investigation. Safety Science, 93, 127-133.
Griffin, M. A., & Curcuruto, M. (2016). Safety Climate In Organizations. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 3, 191-212.
Griffin, M. A., & Neal, A. (2000). Perceptions of Safety At Work: A Framework For Linking Safety Climate To Safety Performance, Knowledge, And Motivation. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5(3), 347-358.
Griffin, T.G.C., Young, M.S., & Stanton, N.A. (2015). Human Factors Models For Aviation Accident Analysis And Prevention. Farnham, United Kingdom: Ashgate Publishing Company.
Guastello, S. J., Gershon, R. R., & Murphy, L. R. (1999). Catastrophe Model For The Exposure To Blood-Borne Pathogens And Other Accidents In Health Care Settings. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 31(6), 739-749.
Gunduz, M., & Laitinen, H. (2018). Observation Based Safety Performance Indexing Method For Construction Industry–Validation with SMEs. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 22(2), 440-446.
Hajmohammad, S., & Vachon, S. (2014). Safety Culture: A Catalyst For Sustainable Development. Journal of Business Ethics, 123(2), 263-281.
Hämäläinen, P., Takala, J., & Saarela, K. L. (2006). Global Estimates Of Occupational Accidents. Safety Science, 44(2), 137-156.
Hämäläinen, P., Takala, J., & Kiat, T. B. (2017). Global Estimates Of Occupational Accidents And Work-Related Illnesses 2017. Workplace Safety and Health Institute, 1-21. Finland.
Hayes, A. F., & Preacher, K. J. (2014). Statistical Mediation Analysis With A Multicategorical Independent Variable. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 67(3), 451–470.
Hofmann, D. A., Burke, M. J., & Zohar, D. (2017). 100 Years Of Occupational Safety Research: From Basic Protections And Work Analysis To A Multilevel View Of Workplace Safety And Risk. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(3), 375-388.
Hon, C. K. H., Chan, A. P. C., & Chan, D. W. M. (2011). Strategies For Improving Safety Performance Of Repair, Maintenance, Minor Alteration And Addition (RMAA) Works. Facilities, 29(13/14), 591–610.
Hon, C. K., Chan, A. P., & Yam, M. C. (2014). Relationships Between Safety Climate And Safety Performance Of Building Repair, Maintenance, Minor Alteration, And Addition (RMAA) Works. Safety Science, 65, 10-19.
Huang, Y. H., Sinclair, R. R., Lee, J., McFadden, A. C., Cheung, J. H., & Murphy, L. A. (2018, in press). Does Talking The Talk Matter? Effects Of Supervisor Safety Communication And Safety Climate On Long-Haul Truckers’ Safety Performance. Accident Analysis and Prevention.
Hughes, S. W., Tippett, D. D., & Thomas, W. K. (2004). Measuring Project Success In The Construction Industry. Engineering Management Journal, 16(3), 31-37.
International Labour Organization (2011). Introductory Report: Global Trends And Challenges On Occupational Safety And Health World Congress On Safety And Health At Work. Retrieved from http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---safework/documents/publication/wcms_162662.pdf.
International Labour Organization (2017). Snapshots on Occupational Safety And Health (OSH). Retrieved from http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_572867.pdf.
Jahangiri, M., Zadeh, K. S., Bashar, O., & Zadeh, H. S. (2017). Investigating Effective Factors On Risk Perception, Safety Attitude And Safety Performance Of Construction Workers Of Shiraz City, 2012. Journal of Health in the Field, 1(4), 30-36.
James, E. P., & Zoller, H. M. (2017). Healthy Workplace. The International Encyclopedia of Organizational Communication. Wiley Online Library https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118955567.wbieoc093
Jin, X., Villari-Kohlert, R., Senaratne, S., Feng, Y., & Zuo, J. (2015). Exploring Safety Communication Patterns In Small Work Groups In The Construction Industry: A Theoretical Framework. Proceedings CIB W099: Benefitting Workers and Society through Inherently Safe (r) Construction, 113-121. Ulster University: EEI Publishing.
Kabir, Q. S., Watson, K., & Somaratna, T. (2018). Workplace Safety Events And Firm Performance. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 29(1), 104-120.
Kanter, J. W., Tsai, M., Holman, G., & Koerner, K. (2013). Preliminary Data From A Randomized Pilot Study Of Web-Based Functional Analytic Psychotherapy Therapist Training. Psychotherapy, 50(2), 248-255.
Kao, K. Y., Spitzmuller, C., Cigularov, K. P., & Thomas, C. L. (2017). A Moderated Mediation Model Of Safety Knowledge, Safety Attitude, And Safety Performance. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2016(1), 16128.
Ketterman, D. B., Fu, C. Y., & Jones-Holguin, T. C. (2016). Thank God it's Monday [TGIM]: Helping Career Practitioners Create A More Stable, Enjoyable Work Environment For Greater Job Satisfaction Using The Character Champions Framework. Career Planning and Adult Development Journal, 32(4), 81.
Kines, P., Andersen, L. P. S., Spangenberg, S., Mikkelsen, K. L., Dyreborg, J., & Zohar, D. (2010). Improving Construction Site Safety Through Leader-Based Verbal Safety Communication. Journal of Safety Research, 41(5), 399–406.
Kundu, S. C., Yadav, B., & Yadav, A. (2015). Human Resource Management. Emergency Nurse, 10(8), 32–37. https://doi.org/10.7748/en2002.12.10.8.32.c1089
Lievens, I., & Vlerick, P. (2014). Transformational Leadership And Safety Performance Among Nurses: The Mediating Role Of Knowledgeâ€Related Job Characteristics. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 70(3), 651-661.
Lin, S. H., Tang, W. J., Miao, J. Y., Wang, Z. M., & Wang, P. X. (2008). Safety Climate Measurement At Workplace In China: A Validity And Reliability Assessment. Safety Science, 46(7), 1037-1046.
Ling, F. Y. Y., Liu, M., & Woo, Y. C. (2009). Construction Fatalities in Singapore. International Journal of Project Management, 27(7), 717–726.
Lingard, H., Wakefield, R., & Blismas, N. (2013). If you cannot measure it, you cannot improve itâ€: Measuring health and safety performance in the construction industry. In Proceedings of the 19th Triennial CIB World Building Congress (pp. 1-12). Queensland, Australia: Queensland University of Technology.
MacKinnon, D. (2012). Introduction to Statistical Mediation Analysis. New York: Taylor & Francis.
Maguire, R. (2017). Safety Cases And Safety Reports: Meaning, Motivation And Management. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Manan, M. M. A., Jonsson, T., & Várhelyi, A. (2013). Development of a Safety Performance Function For Motorcycle Accident Fatalities On Malaysian Primary Roads. Safety Science, 60, 13-20.
MartÃnez-Córcoles, M., & Stephanou, K. (2017). Linking Active Transactional Leadership And Safety Performance In Military Operations. Safety Science, 96, 93-101.
MartÃnezâ€Córcoles, M., Gracia, F. J., Tomás, I., & Peiró, J. M. (2014). Strengthening Safety Compliance In Nuclear Power Operations: A Roleâ€Based Approach. Risk Analysis, 34(7), 1257-1269.
MartÃnezâ€Córcoles, M., Gracia, F. J., Tomás, I., Peiró, J. M., & Schöbel, M. (2013). Empowering Team Leadership And Safety Performance In Nuclear Power Plants: A Multilevel Approach. Safety Science, 51(1), 293–301.
Martins, A., Coelho, A. C., Vieira, M., Matos, M., & Pinto, M. L. (2012). Age and Years In Practice As Factors Associated With Needlestick And Sharps Njuries Among Health Care Workers In A Portuguese Hospital. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 47(1), 11-15.
Mathieu, J. E., DeShon, R. P., & Bergh, D. D. (2008). Mediational Inferences In Organizational Research: Then, Now, And Beyond. Organizational Research Methods, 11(2), 203-223.
McFadden, K. L., Stock, G. N., & Gowen III, C. R. (2015). Leadership, Safety Climate, And Continuous Quality Improvement: Impact On Process Quality And Patient Safety. Health Care Management Review, 40(1), 24-34.
Mohammadfam, I., Kamalinia, M., Momeni, M., Golmohammadi, R., Hamidi, Y., & Soltanian, A. (2017). Evaluation of the Quality Of Occupational Health And Safety Management Systems Based On Key Performance Indicators In Certified Organizations. Safety and Health at Work, 8(2), 156-161.
Montoya, A. K., & Hayes, A. F. (2017). Two-Condition Within-Participant Statistical Mediation Analysis: A Path-Analytic Framework. Psychological Methods, 22(1), 6–27.
Mullen, J., Kelloway, E. K., & Teed, M. (2017). Employer Safety Obligations, Transformational Leadership And Their Interactive Effects On Employee Safety Performance. Safety Science, 91, 405-412.
Muller, D., Judd, C. M., & Yzerbyt, V. Y. (2005). When Moderation Is Mediated And Mediation Is Moderated. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(6), 852-863.
Namian, M., Albert, A., Zuluaga, C. M., & Jaselskis, E. J. (2016). Improving Hazard-Recognition Performance And Safety Training Outcomes: Integrating Strategies For Training Transfer. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 142(10), 1-11.
Neal, A., Griffin, M. A., & Hart, P. M. (2000). The Impact Of Organizational Climate On Safety Climate And Individual Behavior. Safety Science, 34(1), 99-109.
Newhouse, R. P., Himmelfarb, C. D., Morlock, L., Frick, K. D., Pronovost, P., & Liang, Y. (2013). A Phased Cluster-Randomized Trial Of Rural Hospitals Testing A Quality Collaborative To Improve Heart Failure Care: Organizational Context Matters. Medical Care, 51(5), 396-403.
Nguyen, P. D., Dang, C. X., & Nguyen, L. D. (2015). Would Better Earning, Work Environment, And Promotion Opportunities Increase Employee Performance? An Investigation In State And Other Sectors in Vietnam. Public Organization Review, 15(4), 565-579.
Osman, R., Awang, N., Hassan, S. A. H. S., & Yusof, N. M. (2015). Level of Awareness On Behaviour-Based Safety (BBS) In Manufacturing Industry Towards Reducing Workplace Incidents. International Journal of Education and Research, 3(1), 77-88.
Picakciefe, M., Acar, G., Colak, Z., & Kilic, I. (2017). The Relationship Between Sociodemographic Characteristics, Work Conditions, And Level Of “Mobbing†Of Health Workers In Primary Health Care. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 32(3), 373-398.
Porter, T. H., Riesenmy, K. D., & Fields, D. (2016). Work Environment And Employee Motivation To Lead: Moderating Effects Of Personal Characteristics. American Journal of Business, 31(2), 66-84.
Pousette, A., Larsman, P., Eklöf, M., & Törner, M. (2017). The Relationship Between Patient Safety Climate And Occupational Safety Climate In Healthcare–A Multi-Level Investigation. Journal of Safety Research, 61, 187-198.
Price, J. R., Cole, K., Bexley, A., Kostiou, V., Eyre, D. W., Golubchik, T., & Llewelyn, M. J. (2017). Transmission of Staphylococcus Aureus Between Health-Care Workers, The Environment, And Patients In An Intensive Care Unit: A Longitudinal Cohort Study Based On Whole-Genome Sequencing. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 17(2), 207-214.
Ramanujam, R., & Goodman, P. S. (2003). Latent Errors And Adverse Organizational Consequences: A Conceptualization. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24(7), 815-836.
Richmond. (2014). Risky Behaviour Training Programme - London Borough Of Richmond Upon Thames. Retrieved from http://www.richmond.gov.uk/risky_behaviour_programme
Rotundo, M., & Sackett, P. R. (2002). The Relative Importance Of Task, Citizenship, And Counterproductive Performance To Global Ratings Of Job Performance: A Policy-Capturing Approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(1), 66-80.
Salameen, R., Takruri-Rizk, H., & Cooper, G. (2015). A Preliminary Study Of Software Maintenance In E-Commerce Companies in Jordan. Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology, 2(9), 2374-2381.
Salin, D. (2015). Risk Factors Of Workplace Bullying For Men And Women: The Role Of The Psychosocial And Physical Work Environment. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 56(1), 69–77.
Searcy, C., Dixon, S. M., & Neumann, W. P. (2016). The Use Of Work Environment Performance Indicators In Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting. Journal of Cleaner Production, 112, 2907-2921.
Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2016). Research Methods For Business: A Skill Building Approach (7th ed.). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Selamu, M., Thornicroft, G., Fekadu, A., & Hanlon, C. (2017). Conceptualisation of Job-Related Wellbeing, Stress And Burnout Among Healthcare Workers In Rural Ethiopia: A Qualitative Study. BMC Health Services Research, 17(1), 412.
Shahin, A., Naftchali, J. S., & Pool, J. K. (2014). Developing A Model For The Influence Of Perceived Organizational Climate On Organizational Citizenship Behaviour And Organizational Performance Based On Balanced Score Card. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 63(3), 290-307.
Smibert, D., & Fleming, M. (2017). Is It Me or Is It You? Assessing the Influence of Individual and Organizational Factors on Safety Performance in the North American Railway Industry. In Advances in Human Aspects of Transportation, 45-55. Cham: Springer.
Smith, P. G., Morrow, R. H., & Ross, D. A. (2015). Field Trials Of Health Interventions: A Toolbox (3rd ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Stalpers, D., de Brouwer, B. J., Kaljouw, M. J., & Schuurmans, M. J. (2015). Associations Between Characteristics Of The Nurse Work Environment And Five Nurse-Sensitive Patient Outcomes In Hospitals: A Systematic Review Of Literature. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 52(4), 817-835.
Stave, C., Pousette, A., & Törner, M. (2008). Risk and Safety Communication In Small Enterprises-How To Support A Lasting Change Towards Work Safety Priority. Journal of Risk Research, 11(1-2), 195-206.
Stock, G. N., & McFadden, K. L. (2017). Improving Service Operations: Linking Safety Culture To Hospital Performance. Journal of Service Management, 28(1), 57-84.
Strauch, B. (2016). Decision Errors And Accidents: Applying Naturalistic Decision Making To Accident Investigations. Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making, 10(3), 281-290.
Subramaniam, C., Shamsudin, F. M., Mohd Zin, M. L. M., & Lazim, H. M. (2014). Do Workplace Safety Practices Influence Safety Compliance Behaviour? Evidence Among Nurses In Malaysia. In Proceedings of World Business and Economics Research Conference, 1-11. Auckland: World Business Institute (WBI).
Takala J., & Young, E. (2014). Mortality estimates of occupational injuries and ill health in Singapore. In Public Health and Occupational Medicine Conference, 2014. Singapore: Workplace Safety and Health Institute (WSH).
Tang, D. K. H., Leiliabadi, F., & Olugu, E. U. (2017). Factors Affecting Safety Of Processes In The Malaysian Oil And Gas Industry. Safety Science, 92, 44-52.
Vecchio-Sadus, A. M. (2007). Enhancing Safety Culture Through Effective Communication. Safety Science Monitor, 11(3), 1-10.
Vecchio-Sadus, A. M., & Griffiths, S. (2004). Marketing Strategies For Enhancing Safety Culture. Safety Science, 42(7), 601-619.
Vinodkumar, M. N., & Bhasi, M. (2010). Safety Management Practices And Safety Behaviour: Assessing The Mediating Role Of Safety Knowledge And Motivation. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 42(6), 2082-2093.
Vredenburgh, A. G. (2002). Organizational Safety: Which Management Practices Are Most Effective In Reducing Employee Injury Rates? Journal of Safety Research, 33(2), 259–276.
Wachter, J. K., & Yorio, P. L. (2014). A System Of Safety Management Practices And Worker Engagement For Reducing And Preventing Accidents: An Empirical And Theoretical Investigation. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 68, 117-130.
Williams, A. F., Mccartt, A. T., Mayhew, D. R., & Watson, B. (2012). Licensing Age Issues: Deliberations From A Workshop Devoted To This Topic. Traffic Injury Prevention, 14(3), 237–243.
Wold, T., & Laumann, K. (2015). Safety Management Systems As Communication In An Oil And Gas Producing Company. Safety Science, 72, 23-30.
Wu, A. D., & Zumbo, B. D. (2008). Understanding and Using Mediators And Moderators. Social Indicators Research, 87(3), 367-392.
Xia, N., Griffin, M. A., Wang, X., Liu, X., & Wang, D. (2018). Is There Agreement Between Worker Self And Supervisor Assessment Of Worker Safety Performance? An Examination In The Construction Industry. Journal of Safety Research, 65, 29-37.
Yeung, K.-C., & Chan, C. C. (2012). Measuring Safety Climate In Elderly Homes. Journal of Safety Research, 43(1), 9–20.
You, L. M., Aiken, L. H., Sloane, D. M., Liu, K., He, G. P., Hu, Y.,& Shang, S. M. (2013). Hospital Nursing, Care Quality, And Patient Satisfaction: Cross-Sectional Surveys Of Nurses And Patients In Hospitals in China and Europe. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 50(2), 154-161.
Yule, S., Flin, R., & Murdy, A. (2006). The Role Of Management And Safety Climate In Preventing Risk-Taking At Work. International Journal of Risk Assessment and Management, 7(2), 137-151.
Zahoor, H., Chan, A. P., Utama, W. P., Gao, R., & Zafar, I. (2017). Modelling the Relationship Between Safety Climate And Safety Performance In A Developing Construction Industry: A Cross-Cultural Validation Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(4), 351.
Zhou, Q., Fang, D., & Wang, X. (2008). A Method To Identify Strategies For The Improvement Of Human Safety Behavior By Considering Safety Climate And Personal Experience. Safety Science, 46(10), 1406-1419.
Zohar, D., & Polachek, T. (2014). Discourse-based Intervention For Modifying Supervisory Communication As Leverage For Safety Climate And Performance Improvement: A Randomized Field Study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 99(1), 113.
Zohar, D., Huang, Y. H., Lee, J., & Robertson, M. (2014). A Mediation Model Linking Dispatcher Leadership And Work Ownership With Safety Climate As Predictors Of Truck Driver Safety Performance. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 62, 17-25.
Zúñiga, F., Ausserhofer, D., Hamers, J. P., Engberg, S., Simon, M., & Schwendimann, R. (2015). Are Staffing, Work Environment, Work Stressors, And Rationing Of Care Related To Care Workers' Perception Of Quality Of Care? A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 16(10), 860-866.
