The Influence of Distributed Leadership on Professional Learning Community among Secondary School Leaders in The State of Johore/ Pengaruh Kepimpinan Distributif Terhadap Komuniti Pembelajaran Profesional Dalam Kalangan Pemimpin Sekolah Menengah Di Negeri Johor
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/sh.v12n2-2.1780Keywords:
distributed leadership, professional learning community, school leaders, secondary school and quantitative approachAbstract
Distributed leadership is a leadership theory that emphasis on cooperation among leaders. It is practiced in schools, an institution that not only educates pupils but now serves as a professional learning community for school leaders and teachers. This study aims to investigate the influence of distributed leadership towards a professional learning community among the school leaders in Johor, Malaysia. This study uses quantitative approach and involves 27 secondary schools from six districts in Johor. Sample study is a school leader consisting of principal, senior assistant, senior teachers and head committee subjects. The respondent is a total of 358 people. Data collected using the Perception of Distributed Leadership Practices (PDLP) questionnaire by Hairon and Goh, (2015) and Professional Learning Communities Assessment-Revised (PLCA-R) by Olivier et al., (2010). Data was analyzed using SPSS Amos software version 26. Studies find all the common shared decision making have a significant influence on all the dimensions of professional learning communities. Bounded empowerment practices are found to influence only one of the dimensions of professional learning communities, namely learning and application collectively. It is hoped that this study would enhance the leadership practices of the distributive of the school leaders in the professional learning community.
References
Abdullah, Z. (2009). Creating a Professional Learning Community: A Study of Malaysian Secondary Schools. Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan. 2(5), 78-96
Abdullah, Z., Ahmad, R., Ghani, M. F. A., & Salamun, H. (2012). Professional Learning Communities Among Malaysian School Sommunities. UTM, Skudai, Johor Bahru. Kertas kerja dibentangkan di Seminar Majlis Dekan
Abdul Halim, R. (2017). Kepimpinan Distributif, Faktor Kontekstual Dan Efikasi Kendiri Guru Di Malaysia. JuPiDi: Jurnal Kepimpinan Pendidikan. 2(4), 47-61, ISSN 2289-9669
Abd. Rahman, Z. (2015). Amalan Kepimpinan Distributif Dalam Kalangan Pengetua Dan Hubungannya Dengan Kepuasan Kerja Guru Di Selangor. Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris. Tesis Doktor Falsafah
Akert, N. & Martin, B. (2012). The Role of Teacher Leaders in School Improvement through the Perceptions of Principals and Teachers. International Journal of Education, 4(4), 284-299
Aksel, I. (2008). Liderlik Teorileri. In C. Serinkan, Liderlik ve Motivasyon, 33-61. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayincilik.
Al-Harthi, A. S. A. & Al-Mahdy, Y. F. H. (2017). Distributed leadership and school effectiveness in Egypt and Oman: an exploratory study. International Journal of Educational Management, 31(6), 801-813
Al-Mahdy, Y. F. H., & Sywelem, M. M. G. (2016). Teachers’ perspectives on professional learning communities in some Arab countries. International Journal of Research Studies in Education. 5(4), 45-57
Aliakbari, M. & Sadeghi, A. (2014). Iranian teachers’ perceptions of teacher leadership practices in schools. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 42(4), 576 – 592
Alumran, A., Hou, X. Y. & Hurst, C (2012). Validity and reliability of instruments designed to measure factors influencing the overuse of antibiotics. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 5(3), 221-232
Ancona, D. & Bresman, H. (2009). X-teams: How To Build Teams That Lead. Innovate, and Succeed. Harvard Business School Press.
Anderson, S., Moore, S. & Sun, J. (2009). Positioning the principal in patterns of school leadership distribution. Dalam: Leithwood K, Mascall B and Strauss T (eds) Distributed Leadership According to the Evidence, 111–136. New York: Routledge.
Angelle, P. S. (2010). An Organizational Perspective of Distributed Leadership: A Portrait of a Middle School. Research In Middle Level Education Online, 33(5), 5-16
Antinluoma, M.; Ilomäki, L.; Lahti-Nuuttila, P.; Toom, A. (2018). Schools as Professional Learning Communities. Journal of Education and Learning, 7(5), 76-91
Antonakis, J. dan Atwater, L.E. (2002). Leader distance: A review and proposed theory. The Leadership Quarterly, 13(6), 673–704.
Arokiasamy, R. (2013). Pengaruh Kepimpinan Distributif Sebagai Moderator Terhadap Hubungan Antara Penglibatan Guru Dalam Membuat Keputusan Dan Efikasi Kendiri Guru. Universiti Sains Malaysia. Tesis Doktor Falsafah
Baddiri, B. & Abdullah, M. K. (2017). Analisis Kepimpinan Distributif Pengarah Dan Komitmen Organisasi Dalam Kalangan Pengajar Di Kolej Sains Kesihatan Bersekutu (KSKB) Kuching Sarawak. International Journal of Education, Psychology and Counseling. 2(6), 291-299
Balakrishnan, L & Abdul Wahab, J. (2018). Amalan Kepimpinan Distributif Penyelia dan Hubungannya dengan Motivasi Guru di Sekolah Dalam Hospital (SDH) di Malaysia, 11th Language for Specific Purposes International Conference | 10th Global Advances in Business Communication Conference, 89-97
Bellibas, M. S., Bulut, O. & Gedik, S (2018). Investigating professional learning communities in Turkish schools: the effects of contextual factors. Professional Development in Education, 43(3), 353-374
Beycioglu, K., Oze, N. & Ugurlu, C. T. (2012). Distributed leadership and organizational trust: the case of elementary schools. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46, 3316 – 3319
Blase, J., & Blase, J. (2001). Empowering Teachers: What Successful Principals Do (Second Ed.). Thousand Oaks. CA: Corwin Press. Inc.
Boon, Y. & Tahir, Y. (2013). Kepimpinan tersebar dan hubungannya dengan tekanan dan komitmen kerja (Distributed leadership and job stress and job commitment). 2nd International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education, ISQAE
Bolam, R., McMahon, A., Stoll, L., Thomas, S.dan Wallace, M. (2005). Creating and sustaining professional learning communities. Research Report Number 637. London, England: General Teaching Council for England, Department for Education and Skills
Bolden, R. (2011). Distributed Leadership in Organizations: A Review of Theory and Research. International Journal of Management Reviews, 13(3), 251–269
Brown, M., McNamara, G., O'Hara, J., Hood, S., Burns, D. & Kurum, G. (2019). Evaluating the Impact of Distributed Culturally Responsive Leadership in a Disadvantaged Rural Primary School in Ireland. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 47(3), 457-474
Burde, M. S. (2016). The Relationship between Student Achievement and Professional Learning Communities at the Middle School Level. Western Michigan University. Tesis Doktor Falsafah
Bush, T., & Glover, D. (2012). Distributed leadership in action: Leading high-performing leadership teams in English schools. School Leadership & Management, 32(1), 21 –36
Bush, T. & Ng, A. Y. M. (2019). Distributed Leadership and the Malaysia Education Blueprint: From Prescription to Partial School-Based Enactment in a Highly Centralised Context, Journal of Educational Administration, 57(3), 279-295
Chitpin, S. (2014). Principals and the professional learning community: learning to mobilize knowledge. International Journal of Educational Management, 28(2), 215-229
Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2011). Business research methods (11th ed. ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Corrigan, J. (2013). Distributed leadership: rhetoric or reality? Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 35(1), 66- 71
Dagnew, A. (2017). The Practice and Challenges of Distributed Leadership at Some Selected Primary Schcools of Debark District: Ethiopia. British Journal of Education, Society & Behavioural Science, 20(3), 1-10
DeMatthews, D. (2014). Principal and Teacher Collaboration: An Exploration of Distributed Leadership in Professional Learning Communities. International Journal of Educational Leadership and Management, 2(2), 176-206
DeVon, H., Block, M., Moyle-Wright, P., Ernst, D., Hayden S. & Lazzara, D. (2007). A psychometric toolbox for testing validity and reliability. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 39(2), 155—64
Dogan, S., Tatık, R. Ş. & Yurtseven, N. (2017). Professional learning communities assessment: Adaptation, internal validity, and multidimensional model testing in Turkish context. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 17, 1203–1229
Dufour, R., Dufour, R., & Eaker, R. (2008). Revisiting professional learning communities at work: New insights for improving schools. Bloomington, IL: Solution Tree Press.
du Plessis, A. & Eberlein, E. (2018). The Role of Heads of Department in the Professional Development of Educators: A Distributed Leadership Perspective, Africa Education Review, 15(3), 1-19
Erol, Y. C., & Turhan, M. (2018). The relationship between distributed leadership and family involvement from parents’ perspective. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 18. 525–540
Fraenkel, J. & Wallen, N. (2003). How to design and evaluate research in education. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
Glickman, C., Gordon, S. & Ross-Gordon, J. (2001). Supervision and Instructional Leadership: A Developmental Approach. Boston Ma., Allyn & Baco
Gray, J. A. & Summers, R. (2015). International Professional Learning Communities: The Role of Enabling School Structures, Trust, and Collective Efficacy. The International Education Journal: Comparative Perspectives, 14(3), 61-75
Gumus, S., Bellibas, M. S., Esen, M. & Gumus, E. (2018) A Systematic Review of Studies on Leadership Models in Educational Research from 1980 to 2014. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 46(1), 25-48
Hallam, P. R., Smith, H. R., Hite, J. M., Hite S. J. & Wilcox, B. R. (2015). Trust and Collaboration in PLC Teams: Teacher Relationships, Principal Support and Collaborative Benefits. NASSP Bulletin, 99(3), 91 –104
Hairon, S. dan Goh, J. W. P. (2015). Pursuing the Elusive Construct of Distributed Leadership: Is the Search Over? Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 43(5), 693-718
Hairon, S. & Tan, C. (2016). Professional Learning Communities in Singaporeand Shanghai: Implications for Teacher Collaboration. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 47(1), 1-17
Hartley, D. (2007). The emergence of distributed leadership in education: Why now? British Journal of Educational Studies, 55. 202-214
Harris, A. (2003). Teacher leadership and school improvement. Dalam: Harris A, Day C, Hopkins D, Hadfield M, Hargreaves A, Chapman C, editors. Effective Leadership for School Improvement, 72-83. London: Routledge/Falmer.
Harun, A., Basri, R., Pihie, Z. A. L. & Asimiran, S. (2016). Hubungan antara Amalan Kepemimpinan Distributif Pengetua dan Kepemimpinan Guru di Sekolah Menengah. International Journal of Education and Training (InjET), 2(2), 1- 13
Hallinger, P. & Heck, R. H. (2009). Assessing the Contribution of Distributed Leadership to School Improvement and Growth in Math Achievement. American Educational Research Journal, 46(3), 659-689
Hallinger, P. & Heck, R. H (2010). Collaborative Leadership And School improvement: Understanding The impact On School Capacity And Student learning, School Leadership & Management: Formerly School Organisation, 30(2), 95-110
Hallinger, P. dan Heck, R. (2002). What do you call people with visions? The role of vision, mission and goals in school leadership and improvement. Dalam: Leithwood K and Hallinger P (eds) Second International Handbook of Educational Leadership and Administration, 1, 9–40. Boston, MA: Kluwer.
Held, P. (2017). An Examination of Teachers’ Perceptions Regarding the Implementation of Professional Learning Communities in Central Minnesota Public Elementary Schools. Culminating Projects in Education Administration and Leadership, 30
Hendricson, W. D., Russell, I. J., Prihoda, T. J., Jacobson J. M., Rogan, A., Bishop, G. D. & Castillo, R. (1989). Development and initial validation of a dual-language English-Spanish format for the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales. Arthritis Rheum, 32(9), 1153-9
Hoy, W. K. & Miskel, C. G. (2008). Educational administration: Theory, research, and practice. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill
Hudson, P. dan Hudson, S. (2011). Distributed leadership and professional learning communities. The Australasian Journal of University-Community Engagement (AUCEA E-Journal), 6(2), 1-17
Hulpia, H., Devos, G. & Rosseel, Y. (2009). Development and Validation of Scores on the Distributed Leadership Inventory. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 69(6), 1013-1034
Ismail, O. H. & Al Hendawi, Y. F. (2015). Professional Learning Communities in Higher Education: The Case of Sultan Qaboos. International Journal of Education and Research, 3(7), 141-150
Ismail, N. A. (2012). Kepimpinan Guru Mempengaruhi Sikap Pelajar Sekolah Menengah Daerah Segamat. Sarjana pendidikan Pengurusan dan Pentadbiran. Skudai: UTM
Jabatan Pendidikan Negeri Johor (2019). Objektif Jabatan Pendidikan Negeri Johor, Dimuatturun pada 21 Disember 2019 daripada http://jpnjohor.moe.gov.my/jpnjohor/v6/index2.php?UT=2&MN=5
Jamail, M. & Don, Y. (2016). Praktis Kepimpinan Distributif Dan Komitmen Terhadap Organisasi Berdasarkan Kohort Generasi Baru. Proceeding of ICECRS, 1(1), 275 – 286
Jamallulail, A.W., Aida Hanim, A.H., Suriati, Z dan Md Fuad, M.R. (2013). The Relationship between Headteachers’ Distributed Leadership Practices and Teachers’ Motivation in National Primary Schools. Asian Social Science, 9(16), 161-167.
Johanson, G.A., & Brooks, G.P. (2010). Initial scale development: sample size for pilot studies. Educational And Psychological Measurement, 70(3), 394-400
Kalkan, F. (2016). Relationship between Professional Learning Community, Bureaucratic Structure and Organisational Trust in Primary Education Schools. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 16(5), 1619-1637
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia (2019). Senarai Sekolah. Dimuatturun pada 21 Disember 2019 daripada https://www.moe.gov.my/muat-turun/laporan-dan-statistik/senarai-sekolah
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia (2012). Pelan Pembangunan Pendidikan 2013-2025. Putrajaya: Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia
Kennedy, A.; Deuel, A.; Nelson, T.; dan Slavit, D. (2011). Requiring Collaboration or Distributing Leadership? The Phi Delta Kappan, 92(8), 20-24
Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford
Lárusdóttir, S. H. & O'Connor, E. (2017). Distributed Leadership and Middle Leadership Practice in Schools: A Disconnect? Irish Educational Studies, 36(4), 423-438
Lashway, L. (2003). Distributed leadership. ERIC Clearinghouse on Educational Management. Research Roundup. 19(4), 423-438
Leithwood, K., & Mascall, B. (2008). Collective Leadership Effects on Student Achievement. Educational Administration Quarterly, 44(4), 529-561
Leithwood, K., Louis, K. S., Anderson, S. & Wahlstrom, K. (2004). How leadership influences student learning. New York: Wallace Foundation
Li, Y. & Tu, C. C. (2018). Research on the Influencing Factors of High School English TeacherProfessional Learning Community Evaluation in Changchun, China English Language Teaching, 11(5), 104-115
Lunenburg, F. C. (2003). Paradigm shifts in educational administration: A view from the editor’s desk of Educational Leadership Review and NCPEA Yearbook. Dalam: The annual meeting of American 22 Educational Management Administration & Leadership Educational Research Association. Chicago, IL, 21–25 April 2003. 1–18. Educational Resources of Information Center.
Malen, B., Ogawa, R. T., dan Kranz, J. (1990). What do we know about school-based management? Acase study of the literature –A call for research. Dalam W. H. Clune & J. F. Witte (Eds.), Choice and control in American education. The practice of choice, decentralization and school restructuring, 289–342. Philadelphia: Falmer.
MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Zhang, S., & Hong, S. (1999). Sample size in factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 4(1), 84
Mascall, B., Leithwood, K., Strauss, T., & Sacks, R. (2009). The Relationship Between Distributed Leadership and Teachers' Academic Optimism. Dalam: A. Harris (Ed.). Distributed Leadership. New York: Springer
Mautone, J. A., Marcelle, E., Tresco, K. E., & Power, T. J. (2015). Assessing the quality of parentteacher relationships for students with ADHD. Psychology in Schools, 52(2), 196–207
Miškolci, J. (2017). Contradictions in Practising Distributed Leadership in Public Primary Schools in New South Wales (Australia) and Slovakia. School Leadership & Management, 37(3), 234-253
Mohamed, M. A. (2016). Are We Asking the Same Questions in Different Contexts: Translation Techniques in Cross-Culture Studies in Science Education? Journal of Turkish Science Education, 13(1), 31-44
Mohammed, K. A., Othman, J. & D’Silva, J. L. (2012). Social Demographic Factors That Influence Transformational Leadership Styles among Top Management in Selected Organizations in Malaysia. Asian Social Science; 13(8), 1911-2025
Mohd Ali, H., & Yangaiya, S. A. (2015). Distributed Leadership and Empowerment Influence on Teachers Organizational Commitment. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 4(1), 73-84
Muslic, B., Graf, T., Thoren, K. & Kuper, H. (2015). Does Distributed Leadership Have An Impact On Student Achievement And School Quality? ECER 2015
Naicker, S. R. & Mestry, R. (2013). Teachers' Reflections on Distributive Leadership in Public Primary Schools in Soweto. South African Journal of Education, 33(2), 1-15
Obadara, O. E. (2013). Relationship between Distributed Leadership and Sustainable School Improvement, International Journal of Educational Sciences, 5(1), 69-74
OECD (2013). Teaching and Learning International Survey TALIS 2013, OECD Publishing
Olivier, D. F., Hipp, K. K. dan Huffman, J. B. (2010). Assessing and analysing schools as PLCs. Dalam K. K. Hipp dan J. B. Huffman (Eds.). Professional learning communities: Purposeful Actions, Positive Results. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Osborne, J. W., & Costello, A. B. (2009). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Pan-Pacific Management Review, 12(2), 131-146
Rabindarang, S., Bing, K.W. & Khoo, Y. Y. (2014). Refleksi Tenaga Pengajar Terhadap Kepemimpinan Distributif dan Tekanan Kerja dalam Pendidikan Teknik dan Vokasional. Akademika Jurnal Sains Kemasyarakatan Dan Kemanusiaan, 84(1&2), 17-28
Rahman, S. (2011). Influence of professional learning community (PLC) on secondary science teachers’ professional practice: The case of Bangladesh culture of. Asia-Pacific Forum on Science Learning & Teaching, 12(1), 1-22
Raubenheimer, J. (2004). An item selection procedure to maximise scale reliability and validity. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 30(4), 56-64
Reichenheim, M. E., & Moraes, C. L. (2007). Operationalizing the cross-cultural adaptation of epidemiological measurement instruments. Revista de Sau´de Pu´blica, 41(4), 665–673
Roberts, S. M. & Pruitt, E. Z. (2003) Schools as Professional Learning Communities: Collaborative Activities and Strategies for Professional Development. Corwin Press Inc, CA
Sargent, T.C. & Hannum, E. (2009). Doing More With Less: Teacher Professional Learning Communities in Resource-Constrained Primary Schools in Rural China. Journal of Teacher Education, 60(3), 258-276
Sarı, M. (2012). Exploring gender roles’ effects of Turkish women teachers on their teaching practices. International Journal of Educational Development, 32(6), 814-825
Shakir, F. J., Jinan H. I. & Mustafa, P. O. (2011). Perceptions towards Distributed Leadership in School Improvement. International Journal of Business and Management, 6(10), 256 – 264
Sibanda, L. (2017). Understanding Distributed Leadership in South African Schools: Challenges and Prospects. Issues in Educational Research, 27(3), 567-581
Song, H. (2012). The Role of Teachers' Professional Learning Communities in the Context of Curriculum Reform in High Schools. Chinese Education & Society, 45(4), 81-95
Sousa, V. D., & Rojjanasrirat, W. (2011). Translation, adaptation and validation of instruments or scales for use in crosscultural health care research: A clear and user-friendly guideline. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 17(2), 268–274
Spillane, J. P. (2006). Distributed Leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass
Stamper, J. C. (2015). A study of teacher and principal perceptions of professional learning communities. Theses and Dissertations Educational Leadership Studies. 11
Tahir, L. M., Lee, S. L., Musah, M. B., Nihra, H. J. M., Said, H. M. & Yasin, M. H. M. (2016). Challenges in distributed leadership: evidence from the perspective of headteachers. International Journal of Educational Management, 30(6), 848 – 863
Tahir, L. M., Musah, M. B., Panatik, S. A., Ali, M. F., & Said, M. N. H. M. (2018). Primary school leadership in Malaysia. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 47(5), 785 – 814
Teng, T. H. and Mohd Hamzah, M. I. (2017). Kepimpinan Distributif Dan Komuniti Pembelajaran Profesional (Kpp) Di Sekolah Rendah. Dalam: Social Sciences Postgraduate International Seminar (SSPIS) 2017. School of Social Sciences, USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. 257-263
Thien, L. M. (2019). Distributive Leadership Functions, Readiness for Change, and Teachers’ Affective Commitment to Change: A Partial Least Squares Analysis. SAGE Open, 1-15
Thien, L. M. & Tan, M. Y. (2019). Kepimpinan distributif, keadaan dalam sekolah, dan komitmen guru untuk berubah: Satu analisa partial least squares. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 4(1), 159-185
Tian, M., Risku, M. & Collin, K. (2015). A meta-analysis of distributed leadership from 2002 to 2013: Theory development, empirical evidence and future research focus. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 44(1), 146-164
Tobia, E. F. dan Hord, S. M. (2012). I Am a Professional: Learning Communities Elevate Teachers' Knowledge, Skills, and Identity. Journal of Staff Development, 33(3) 16-18
Torrance, D. (2012). Distributed Leadership In Scottish Primary Schools: Myth or actualities? The University of Edinburgh. Tesis Doktor Falsafah
Torrance, D. (2013). Distributed Leadership: Still in the Gift of the Headteacher. Scottish Educational Review, 45(2), 50-63
Tsu, G. C. S. (2019). A study of staff engagement in dimensions of distributed leadership, organizational commitment and perception of autonomy in Singaporean primary schools, Southern Cross University. Tesis Doktor Pengurusan Perniagaan
van Teijlingen, E. & Hundley, V. (2002). The importance of pilot studies. Nurs Stand, 16(40), 33-6
Vescio, V., Ross, D. & Adams, A. (2008). A review of research on the impact of professional learning communities on teaching practice and student learning. Teaching and Teacher Education, 24, 80-91
Vlachadi, M. & Ferla, M. (2013). Differentiation of Teachers' and Principals' Engagement in Distributed Leadership according to Their Demographic Characteristics. Journal of Education and Learning, 2(4), 19-30
Wahab, J. A., Hamid, A. H. A., Zainal, S., & Rafik, M. F. M. (2013). The relationship between headteachers' distributed leadership practices and teachers' motivation in national primary schools. Asian Social Science, 9(16), 161-167
Ware, D. (2019). Quantitative Analysis of Distributed Leadership in Schools Using Statewide Teacher Perception Surveys. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Graduate School. Tesis Doktor Falsafah
Williams, C. (2010). Distributed leadership in South African schools: possibilities and constraints. South African Journal of Education, 31. 190-200
Yusoff, Z. J. M; Ismail, S. N. Don, Y. (2015). Pengaruh Kepimpinan Distributif terhadap Persekitaran Sekolah. The Asean Journal of Knowledge Contribution, 4(4), 09-19