The Relationship Between Leadership Style and Employee Psychological Well-Being at a Palm Oil Estate in Tawau, Sabah
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/sh.v15n3.1961Keywords:
Leadership style; Psychological well-being; Stress; Empowering; Quality of work lifeAbstract
Strong leadership is the true cornerstone of an organisation and the backbone of a business. It has been suggested that the key role in ensuring success in the organisation and maintaining good psychological well-being is shared among employers and employees. Provision visualized that for maintaining a good psychological well-being among employees were shared between employers and employees the key in ensuring the success of maintaining good psychological well-being in the organisation. Hence, this study aims to explore the relationship between leadership style and employee psychological well-being at the palm oil estate in Tawau, Sabah. Convenience sampling was adopted as a non-probability sample design in this investigation. There were 100 employees that participated in this study, which include the harvester, daily rate employees and line leader. The data collection was conducted by distributing the questionnaire using the Google Form as well in person. Questionnaires used in this research were Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire and Psychological Well Being Scale. The findings showed that the level of leadership style is at a moderate level, while the level of employee psychological well-being is at a high level. This study successfully found a relationship between leadership style and employee psychological well-being within the studied company. Sentence edit: Personal growth dimension was the highest score compared to other dimensionsThere are several limitations that occurred during the research. Firstly, the lack of ability to access the academic journal gave limitations to the researcher to conduct literature review and have a better understanding of the journals. In addition, this study only included one company located in Tawau. The results are not generalizable as the data only reflect one company. Future implications should highlight the importance of role models among leaders by exhibiting leadership style attributes when communicating with their employee as it may affect the employee’s perspectives towards them. Besides, allowing employees to recognize their potential, autonomy, and ideas is a great way to start the journey toward a better leadership style.
References
Aalateeg, S. (2017). Literature Review on Leadership Theories. Journal of Business and Management, 19(11), 35-43.
Ahmad Khan, Z., Nawaz, A., & Khan, I. (2016). Leadership theories and styles: A literature review. Leadership, 16(1), 1-7.
Ahmed Iqbal, Z., Abid, G., Arshad, M., Ashfaq, F., Athar, M. A., & Hassan, Q. (2021). Impact of authoritative and laissez-faire leadership on thriving at work: The moderating role of conscientiousness. European journal of investigation in health, psychology and education, 11(3), 667-685. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fejihpe11030048
Amanchukwu, R. N., Stanley, G. J., & Ololube, N. P.., (2015). A Review of Leadership Theories, Principles and Styles and Their Relevance to Educational Management. Management,5(1), 6-14. doi:10.5923/j.mm.20150501.02
Avolio, B., Walumbwa, F., & Weber, T. (2009). Leadership Current Theories, Research, and Future Directions. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 421-449.
Avolio, B.J. & Yammarino, F.J. (2002). Introduction to, and overview of, transformational and charismatic leadership. In: B. J. Avolio & F. J. Yammarino (eds.) Transformational and charismatic leadership: The road ahead. Oxford: Elsevier.
Barrick, M. R., Mount, M. K., & Judge, T. A. (2001). Personality and performance at the beginning of the new millennium: What do we know and where do we go next?. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 9(1-2), 9-30.
Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1990). Developing transformational leadership: 1992 and beyond. Journal of European industrial training. 14(5), 21-27.
Bennett, T. (2009). A study of the management leadership style preferred by it subordinates. Journal of Organisational Culture, Communication, and Conflict, 13(2), 1-25.
Berger, R., Czakert, J. P., Leuteritz, J. P., & Leiva, D. (2019). How and when do leaders influence employees’ well-being? Moderated mediation models for job demands and resources. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 2788. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02788
Cann, R. F., Riedel-Prabhakar, R., & Powell, D. (2021). A Model of Positive School Leadership to Improve Teacher Wellbeing. International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology, 6(2), 195-218.
Carson, S. H. & Langer, E. J. (2006). Mindfulness and self-acceptance. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 24(1), 29–43. DOI: 10.1007/s10942-006-0022-5
Chang, A., and Nguyen, T. L. (2018), The mediating effects of time structure on the relationships between time the mediating effects of time structure on the relationships between time management behaviour, job satisfaction, and psychological well-being. Australian Journal of Psychology, 63(4), 187-197. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-9536.2011.00008. x.
Cherry, K. 2012. “Leadership Theories - 8 Major Leadership Theories”. Retrieved from:http://psychology.about.com/od/leadership/p/leadtheories.htm Retrieved date: 4 April 2022.
De Simone, S. (2015). Wellbeing at work: a survey on perception of health care workers. Wellbeing at Work: A Survey on Perception of Health Care Workers, 395-412.
Diener, E. & Biswas-Diener, R. (2008), Happiness: Unlocking the Mysteries of Psychological Wealth, Blackwell, Malden, MA.
Dodge, R., Daly, A., Huyton, J., & Sanders, L. (2012). The challenge of defining well-being. International Journal of Well-Being, 2(3), 222-235.
Gregory, B. and Osmonbekov, T. (2019). Leader–member exchange and employee health: an exploration of explanatory mechanisms. The Leadership and Organisation Development Journal, 40(6), 699-711.
Hu, S. (2020). Do front-line employees in the Chinese commercial banks have the rights to experience psychological well-being?. International Journal of Human Right in Healthcare, 14(1), 58-73. DOI 10.1108/IJHRH-06-2020-004
Kozak, M. A. & Uca, S. (2008) Effective Factors in the Constitution of Leadership Styles: A Study of Turkish Hotel Managers, Anatolia, 19(1), 117-134. DOI: 10.1080/13032917.2008.9687057
Kim, H. D., & Cruz, A. B. (2022). Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(13), 8189. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph19138189
Lim, E. & Boger, E. (2005). Management requires leadership. Consortium Journal of Hospitality & Tourism, 9(1), 59-66.
Lindert, L., Zeike, S., Choi, K. E., & Pfaff, H. (2022). Transformational Leadership and Employees’ Psychological Wellbeing: A Longitudinal Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(1), 676. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph20010676
Luthans, F., Youssef, C. M., Sweetman, D. S., & Harms, P. D. (2013). Meeting the leadership challenge of employee well-being through relationship PsyCap and health PsyCap. Journal of leadership & organisational studies, 20(1), 118-133.
Kalsoom, Z., Khan, M. A., & Zubair, D. S. S. (2018). Impact of transactional leadership and transformational leadership on employee performance: A case of FMCG industry of Pakistan. Industrial Engineering Letters, 8(3), 23-30.
Kong, L., Qin, F., Zhou, A., Ding, S., & Qu, H. (2022). Relationship between self-acceptance and intention to stay at work among clinical nurses in China: a cross-sectional online survey. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 1513. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.897157
McMurray, A. J., Pirola-Merlo, A., Sarros, J. C., & Islam, M. M. (2010). Leadership, climate, psychological capital, commitment, and wellbeing in a non-profit organisation. Leadership & Organisation Development Journal. 31(5), 436-457.
Mehari, B. (2015). Transformational leadership and well-being: The mediating role of trust in leadership, meaningfulness and job satisfaction [Master thesis, Linnaeus University]. Digitala Vetenskapliga Arkivet. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:824910/FULLTEXT01.pdf
Montano, D., Reeske, A., Franke, F., & Hüffmeier, J. (2017). Leadership, followers’ mental health and job performance in organisations: A comprehensive meta-analysis from an occupational health perspective. Journal of Organisational Behavior, 28, 327–350.
Mohammed, Y. G., Fernando, M. and Caputi, P. (2013), Transformational leadership and work engagement. Leadership & Organisation Development Journal, 34(6), 532-550.
Munir, F., Nielsen, K., Garde, A. H., Albertsen, K., & Carneiro, I. G. (2012). Mediating the effects of work–life conflict between transformational leadership and health‐care workers’ job satisfaction and psychological wellbeing. Journal of Nursing Management, 20(4), 512-521.
Nash, B. (2020). Transformation and Transactional Leadership in Mental Health and Substance Abuse Organizations. Northcentral University ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 28087810.
Newstrom, J. (2014). Organisational behavior: Human behavior at work. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
Nielsen, K., & Daniels, K. (2012). Does shared and differentiated transformational leadership predict followers' working conditions and well-being?. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(3), 383-397.
Perko, K. (2017). Leadership and employee well-being: A psychological perspective based on resource theories [Doctoral Dissertation, University of Tampere]. https://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-03-0463-8
Robert, V., & Vandenberghe, C. (2022). Laissez-faire leadership and employee well-being: the contribution of perceived supervisor organizational status. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 31(6), 940-957. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2022.2081074
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1069-1081.
Saraswati, K. D. H., & Teja, J. (2018). Psychological well-being of employees in Java, Indonesia. Jurnal Muara Ilmu Sosial, Humaniora, dan Seni, 2(2), 597-605. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/jmishumsen.v2i2.1704
Seifert, T. A. (2005). The Ryff scales of psychological well-being. Assessment Notes. Center of Inquiry at Wabash College. https://centerofinquiry.org/uncategorized/ryff-scales-of-psychological-well-being/ Retrieved date: 5 April 2022.
Seyranian, V. (2009). "Contingency Theories of Leadership." Encyclopedia of Group Processes & Intergroup Relations. Ed. John M. Levine and Michael A. Hogg, 152-156. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. https://study.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/reference6.1.pdf
Skogstad, A., Einarsen, S., Torsheim, T., Aasland, M. S., & Hetland, H. (2007). The destructiveness of laissez-faire leadership behavior. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12(1), 80.
Srivastava, S., McGonigal, K., Richards, J., Butler, E., & Gross, L. (2006). Optimism in Close Relationships: How Seeing Things in a Positive Light Makes Them So. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 143-153. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.91.1.143
Tanskanen, J., M€akel€a, L. and Viitala, R. (2019). Linking managerial coaching and leader– member exchange on work engagement and performance. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20, 1217-1240.
West, M., Dawson, J., Admasachew, L. and Topakas, A. (2011). NHS staff management and health service quality: results from the NHS staff survey and related data. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/215455/dh_129656.pdf Retrieved date: 13 April 2022.
Wright, T. A. and Bonett, D.G. (2007), Job satisfaction and psychological well-being as nonadditive predictors of workplace turnover. Journal of Management, 33(2), 141-160. doi: 10.1177/0149206306297582.
Yang, F. F. and Zhao, Y. (2018), The effect of job autonomy on psychological well-being: the mediating role of personal initiative. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 11(6),234-248. doi: 10.4236/ jss.2018.611017.
