Factors Associated with Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) under the Age of 24 Months in Malaysia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/sh.v2n1.377Keywords:
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), 24 months, diagnosisAbstract
A total of 79 mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who were born within the period of 1998 to 2008 in Malaysia, were selected to answer the questionnaire in this study. The Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) was adapted for parents (CARS-P) to assess the degree of autistic symptoms perceived by mothers. Difficulty in learning to speak was the first symptom found by most of mothers (above 60%). The binary logical regression result found the higher CARS-P score (severity of autistic symptom perceived by mothers) as predictor of the higher probability on early diagnosis of ASD
under the age of 24 months. Larger samples are suggested in future study.
References
American Academy of Pediatrics, Council on Children With Disabilities; Section on Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics; Bright Futures Steering Committee; Medical Home Initiatives for Children With Special Needs Project Advisory Committee. 2006. Identifying infants and young children with developmental disorders in the medical home: an algorithm for developmental surveillance and screening [published correction appears in Pediatrics, 2006; 118(4), 1808–1809]. Pediatrics, 118(1), 405–420.
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th, text revision (DSM-IV-TR) Washington, DC: Author.
Chawarska K., Klin A., Paul R. & Volkmar F. (2007). Autism Spectrum Disorder in the Second Year: Stability and Change in Syndrome Expression. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 48(2), 128–138.
Chawarska, K., Klin, A. & Volkmar, F. R. (2008). Autism Spectrum Disorders in Infants and Toddlers: Diagnosis, Assessment, and Treatment. TheGuilford Press: New York.
Committee on Children with Disabilities. (2001). The Pediatrician’s Role in the Diagnosis and Management of Autistic Spectrum Disorder in Children. Pediatrics, 107(5), 1221–1226.
De Giacomo, A. & Fombonne, E. (1998). Parental Recognition of Developmental Abnormalities in Autism. European Child &Adolescent Psychiatry, 7(3), 131–136.
Eaves, L. C. and Ho, H. H. (2004). The Very Early Identification of Autism: Outcome to Age 4 1/2-5. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34(4), 367–378.
Fountain, C., King, M. D., Peter Bearman, S. B. (2010). Age of Diagnosis for Autism: Individual and Community Factors Across 10 Birth Cohorts. J Epidemiol Community Health. doi:10.1136/jech.2009.104588.
Gupta, V. B., Hyman, S. L., Johnson, C. P., Bryant J., Byers B., Kallen R., Levy, S. E., Myers, S. M., Rosenblatt, A. I. & Yeargin-Allsopp M. (2007). Identifying Children with Autism Early? [Published Correction Appears In Pediatrics. 2007;119:867] Pediatrics, 119, 152–153.
Johnson, C. P., Myers, S. M., American Academy of Pediatrics, Council on Children with Disabilities. 2007. Identification and evaluation of children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics. 120(5):1183–1215.
Lubetsky, M. J., McGonigle, J. J. & Handen, B. L. (2008). Recognition of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Speaker's Journal. Volume 8.4 Fall 2008 © The Pennsylvania House of Representatives ISBN 0-9667794-4-4.
Mandell, D. S., Listerud, J., Levy, S. E., Pinto-Martin, J. A. (2002). Race Differences in the Age at Diagnosis Among Medicaid-eligible Children with Autism. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 41, 1447–1453.
Mandell, D. S., Novak, M. M. and Zubritsky, C. D. (2005). Factors Associated with Age of Diagnosis Among Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders. Pediatrics, 116(6), 1480–1486. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2005-0185.
Mandell, D. S., Walrath, C. M., Manteuffel B., Sgro G. & Pinto-Martin J. (2005). Characteristics of Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorders Served in Comprehensive Community Based Mental Health Settings. J Autism Dev Disord, 35(3), 313–321.
Moreno, R. (2010). Educational Psychology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: United States of American.
Rogers, S. (1998). Empirically Supported Comprehensive Treatments for Young Children with Autism. J Clin Child Psychol, 27, 168–179.
Shattuck, P. T., Durkin, M., Maenner, M., Newschaffer, C., Mandell D. S., Wiggins, L., Lee, L-C., Rice, C., Giarelli, E., Kirby Russell., Baio Jon., Pinto-Martin, J., & Cuniff, C. (2009). Timing of Identification Among Children with an Autism Spectrum Disorder: Findings from a Populationbased Surveillance Study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 45(8), 474–483.
Schopler, E., Reichler, R. J. & Renner, B. R. (1986). The Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
Wiggins, L. D., Baio, J. & Rice, C. (2006). Examination of the Time Between First Evaluation and First Autism Spectrum Diagnosis in a Populationbased Sample. Dev Behav Pediatr, 27(2), s79–s87.
Zwaigenbaum L, Bryson S, Lord C, Rogers S, Carter A, Carver L. Chawarska, K., Constantino J., Dawson G., Dobkins K., Fein D., Iverson J., Klin A., Landa R., Messinger D., Ozonoff S., Sigman M., Stone W., Tager-Flusberg H. & Yirmiya N. (2009). Clinical Assessment and Management of Toddlers with Suspected Autism Spectrum Disorder: Insights from Studies Of High-Risk Infants. Pediatrics, 123(5), 1383–1391.
