Needs Analysis of Depression and Cognitive Distortion Module Among Out-Of-Wedlock Pregnant Adolescents
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/sh.v14n2.1847Keywords:
needs analysis, depression, cognitive distortion, out of wedlock pregnancy, adolescents’ pregnancyAbstract
Pregnancy should be an exciting experience and a moment awaited, but it is different for out-of-wedlock pregnancy. Unmarried pregnancy causes a variety of problems especially to the pregnant mother including psychological problems such as depression and cognitive distortion. This study aims to identify the needs of depression and cognitive distortion module that can be used for out-of-wedlock pregnant adolescents at a shelter homes in Malaysia. A total of 42 respondents had participated in this study of which 30 were former trainees and 12 were managers or teachers from five shelter homes. A set of questionnaires with 20 items representing five main themes used in this study. Descriptive statistical methods such as mean, standard deviation, percentage and frequency were obtained. The research findings show that the respondents agreed with the five themes (M=3.30) with a percentage of 85 percent. The implication of this research is that it allows an in-depth exploration of the development of depression and cognitive distortion module which will address the out-of-wedlock pregnancy issue. Apart from that, appropriate theory can also be identified as the basis of module development. In this case, the effectiveness of the module should also be considered.
References
Abdul Kadir, N.B., Bifulco, A. (2011). Vulnerability, life events and depression amongst Moslem Malaysian women: comparing those married and those divorced or
separated. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 46, 853–862. Available from URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-010-0249-4
Abdullah, S., Salleh, A., Mahmud, Z., Ahmad, J., & Ghani, S.A. (2011). Cognitive distortion, depression and self-esteem among adolescents rape victims. World Applied Sciences Journal, 14, 67-73.
Agnafors, S., Bladh, M., Svedin, C. G., & Sydsjö, G. (2019). Mental health in young mothers, single mothers and their children. BMC Psychiatry, 19(1). doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2082-y
Ahmad, R., Mustaffa, M. S., Jusoh, A. J., & Arip, M. A. S. M. (2009). Strategi Intervensi Menangani Penyelewengan Tingkah Laku Seksual Berdasarkan Model Al
Ghazali. Paper presented at the National Counseling Conference, Selangor, 3-5 November. [Cited 20 Oct 2020.] Available from URL: https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/25760366/2009e.pdf
Alavi, K., Nen, S., Ibrahim, F., Md. Akhir, N., Mohamad, M.S. & Mohd Nordin, N. (2012). Hamil luar nikah dalam kalangan remaja. Jurnal Sains Sosial dan Kemasyarakatan, 7(1): 131-140.
Azizi Yahaya, Mohd Anuar Abd Rahman, Yusof Boon, Abdul Rahim Hamdan (2010). Program Pemulihan Akhlak Wanita: Sejauhmanakah Keberkesanan Pusat Perlindungan Wanita Membantu Proses Pemulihan?. Tesis Fakulti Pendidikan UTM
Barriga, A. Q., Landau, J. R., Stinson, B. L. II., Liau, A. K., and Gibbs, J. C. (2000). Cognitive distortion and problem behaviors in adolescents. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 27(1), 36-56. doi:10.1177/0093854800027001003
Beck, A. T. (1963). Thinking and depression I: Idiosyncratic content and cognitive distortions. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 9(4), 324–333.
Beck, J. S. (1996). Cognitive behavior therapy: Basics and beyond. New York : The Guilford Press.
Brown, G. W., & Moran, P. M. (1997). Single mothers, poverty and depression. Psychological Medicine, 27, 21-33
Clark, D. A., Beck, A. T. & Alford, B. A. (1999). Scientific foundations of cognitive theory and therapy of depression. New York : Wiley.
Demeter, E., & Rad, D. (2020). Global Life Satisfaction and General Antisocial Behavior in Young Individuals: The Mediating Role of Perceived Loneliness in Regard to Social Sustainability—A Preliminary Investigation. Sustainability. 12(10), 4081.
Donald, A., Lucy, C.J. & Chris, S. (2010). Introduction to Research in Education 8th Edition. USA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.
Driscoll, A., Hearn, G., Evans, V., Moore, K., Sugland, B., & Call, V. (1999). Nonmarital childbearing among adult women. Journal of Marriage and Family, 61(1), 178-187. doi:10.2307/353892
Fariza Md.Sham. (2019). Murung Tanda Jiwa Tidak Tenang. Berita Harian 65. 13 Jun 2019
Faudzi, N. M., Nor, A. M. & Sumari, M. (2019). Unwanted pregnancy among adolescents: educating parent. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 9(5), 920–931. doi: 10.6007/IJARBSS/v9-i5/6018
Gagne, M. R., Wager, W. W., Golas, K. C. & Keller, J. M. (2005). Principles of Instructional Design (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Geronimus, A., Korenman, S., & Hillemeier, M. (1994). Does young maternal age adversely affect child development? Evidence from cousin comparisons in the United States. Population and Development Review, 20(3), 585-609. doi:10.2307/2137602
Ghani, F. A., Latif, A. A., Aziz, A. A., & Khan, A. (2014). Validity and reliability analysis of the ‘SayangKU’ (MyLove) in intervention for addressing adolescents involved in free sex. Journal of Religion and Health, 54, 1375–1386. doi:10.1007/s10943-014-9935-y
Gonidakis, F. & Leonardou, A. A. (2008). Maternity blues and postpartum depression – Findings from Greece. European Psychiatric Review, 1(2), 21-23.
Hodgkinson, S. C., Colantuoni, E., Roberts, D., Berg-Cross, L., & Belcher, H. M. E. (2010). Depressive symptoms and birth outcomes among pregnant teenagers. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 23(1), 16–22. doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2009.04.006
Iacoviello, B. M., & Charney, D. S. (2020). Cognitive and behavioral components of resilience to stress. Stress Resilience, 23–31. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813983-7.00002-1
James-Hawkins, L., Denardo, D., Blalock, C., & Mollborn, S. (2014). Do depressive symptoms in male and female adolescents predict unintended births in emerging adulthood? Maternal and Child Health Journal, 18(9), 2115–2123. doi:10.1007/s10995-014-1459-2
Justin, C., Aniket, N., Adrienne, E. & Gideon, K. (2014). Risks of untreated depression in pregnancy. Canadian Family Physician, 60, 242-243.
Kirisci, L., Tarter, R. E., Vanyukov, M., Reynolds, M., & Habeych, M. (2004). Relation between cognitive distortions and neurobehavior disinhibition on the development of substance use during adolescence and substance use disorder by young adulthood: A prospective study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 76(2): 125–133.
Knight, A., Chase, E., & Aggleton, P. (2006). Teenage pregnancy among young people in and leaving care: messages and implications for foster care. Adoption &
Fostering, 30(1), 58–69. doi:10.1177/030857590603000108
Kube, T., Schwarting, R., Rozenkrantz, L., Glombiewski, J. A., & Rief, W. (2019). Distorted cognitive processes in major depression – A predictive processing perspective. Biological Psychiatry. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.07.017
Kuru, E., Safak, Y., Özdemir, İ., Tulacı, R. G., Özdel, K., Özkula, N. G., & Örsel, S. (2018). Cognitive distortions in patients with social anxiety disorder: Comparison of a clinical group and healthy controls. The European Journal of Psychiatry. 32(2); 97–104. doi:10.1016/j.ejpsy.2017.08.004
Lau, S., Chan, D. W., & Lau, P. S. (1999). Facets of loneliness and depression among Chinese children and adolescents. The Journal of Social Psychology, 139(6), 713-729.
Lichter, D. T., Graefe, D. R., & Brown, J. B. (2003). Is marriage a panacea? Union formation among economically disadvantaged unwed mothers. Social Problems,
(1), 60–86. doi:10.1525/sp.2003.50.1.60
Logan, C., Holcombe, E., Manlove, J. & Ryan, S. (2007). The consequences of unintended Childbearing. A white paper: the national campaign to prevent teen and unplanned pregnancy. [Cited 7 Feb 2021.] Available from URL: https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED510648
Margerat, L. M., David, A. K., Ruth, W. R., Lori, L. A., & Lee, S. C. (2001). Postpartum depression: A guide for patients and family. Expert Consensus Guideline Series: A Postgraduate Medicine Special Report.
Marton, P., Churchard, M. & Kutcher, S. (1993). Cognitive distortion in depressed adolescents. Journal of Psychiatric Neuroscience, 18(3), 103-107.
McKillip, J. (1987). Need Analysis: Tools for the Human Service and Education. Applied Social Research Methods Series. 10. SAGE Publications, Inc.
Ministry of Youth and Sports. (2015). Malaysian Youth Policy 2015. [Citied 20 Feb 2021.] Available from URL: https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjz6cebpvfuAhU2_XMBHcM5DegQFjABegQIAhAD&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kbs.gov.my%2Fakta-dasar%2Fdasar.html%3Fdownload%3D86%3Adasar-belia-malaysia&usg=AOvVaw1rmZE9oI4O4fujH0fHtBk2
Mohamed, M. N. (2001). Pengantar Psikologi: Satu Pengenalan Asas Kepada Jiwa Tingkah Laku Manusia. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Mohd Azam, S. B. (2017). Amalan Restoratif Dalam Program Perlindungan dan Pemulihan Remaja Hamil Luar Nikah di Malaysia. The Malaysian Journal of Social Administration. 12, 100-135.
Mohd Noah, S. & Ahmad, J. (2005). Pembinaan Modul: Bagaimana Membina Modul Latihan dan Modul Akademik, 1-14. Serdang: Penerbit Universiti Putra Malaysia
Mohd Suan, M. A., Ismail, A. H. & Ghazali, H. (2015). A review of teenage pregnancy research in Malaysia. Medical Journal of Malaysia, 70(4), 214-219.
Nasir, R., Zamani, Z. A., Yusooff, F., & Khairudin, R. (2010). Cognitive distortion and depression among juvenile delinquents in Malaysia. Proceeding Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 272-276. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.087
Nasir, R., Zamani, Z. A., Khairudin, R., Wan Sulaiman W. S., Nen, S. & Subhi, N. (2011). Cognitive distortion as a predictor towards depression among delinquent adolescents. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 19.
Nasir, R., Zamani, Z. A., Khairudin, R., Wan Sulaiman W. S., Mohd Sani, M. N. & Amin, A.S. (2015). Tahap pengherotan kognitif, kesunyian, kemurungan, penghargaan kendiri, dan sokongan sosial dalam kalangan wanita hamil luar nikah. Jurnal Psikologi Malaysia, 29(2), 1-10.
Nasir, R., Zamani, Z. A., Khairudin, R., Wan Sulaiman W. S., Mohd Sani, M. N. & Amin, A.S. (2016). Depression, loneliness, and cognitive distortion among young pregnant women in Malaysia: counseling implications. Asian Social Science, 12(8), 104-109. doi: 10.5539/ass.v12n8p104
Nen, S. & Hashim, F. H. (2020). Cabaran menyesuaikan diri sebagai ibu muda dalam kalangan remaja hamil luar nikah: Satu kajian kualitatif. Jurnal Psikologi Malaysia, 34(2), 39- 52
Paquette, S., Longpré, N. & Cortoni, F. (2020). A Billion Distorted Thoughts: An Exploratory Study of Criminogenic Cognitions Among Men Who Sexually Exploit Children Over the Internet. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 1–20
Perfetti, J., Clark, R., & Fillmore, C. M. (2004). Postpartum depression: Identification, screening, and treatment. Wisconsin Medical Journal, 103(6), 56-63.
Porter J.Y. (2014). Counseling Theory; Guiding Reflective Practice. SAGE Publications, Inc.
Rains, P. M. (2009). Becoming An Unwed Mother: A Sociological Account. Chicago: Aldine-Atherton.
Ray W. Christner, Jessica L. Stewart & Arthur Freeman (2007). Handbook of Cognitive-behavior group therapy with children and adolescents. New York: Taylor & Francis Group
Richey, R. C., & Klein, J. D. (2007). Design and Developmental Research. New York, NY: Routledge.
Rusell, J.D. (1974). Modular Instruction: A Guide to The Design, Selection, Utilization and Evaluation of Modular Materials. United States: Publishing Company
Saari, Z., Mohd Yusof, F., Muhamad, S. N., M., Siraj, H. H. & Habil, H. (2017). Pregnancy out of wedlock and abandoned babies: is adoption able to save the babies? PERINTIS eJournal ,7(2), 129-141.
Saim, N.J., Mona, D., Malin, E. & Mehdi, G. (2013). Listen to the voices of unwed teenage mothers in Malaysian shelter homes: An explorative study. Global Journal
of Health Science, 5(5), 20-30. doi: 10.5539/gjhs.v5n5p20
Saim, N.J. (2013). Social support, coping, resilience and mental health in Malaysian unwed young pregnant women and young mothers. Submitted manuscript 2013.
[Cited 20 Oct 2020.] Available from URL: http://umu.diva-portal.org/
Samsuddin, S. N. A., Masroom, M. N., & Wan Mohd Yunus, W. M. A. (2019). Mental health of Muslim unwed pregnant teenagers. Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 76-82
Saparuddin, I. F., Sham, F. M. & Hamjah, S. H. (2014). Faktor gangguan emosi dalam fenomena histeria massa remaja Muslim. Jurnal al-Hikmah, 6, 3-20.
Sharf, R.S. (2016). Theories of Psychotherapy and Counseling; Concepts and Cases. 6th Edition, 385-429. USA: Cengage Learning.
Terry-Humen, E., Manlove, J., & Moore, K. A. (2001). Births outside of marriage: perceptions vs. reality. Child trends research brief. Washington, DC: child trends.
[Cited 20 Oct 2020.] Available from URL: http://www.childtrends.org/wpcontent/uploads/2013/03/rb_032601.pdf
Vin, S.X., Muhammad, N.A., Sun, T.P, Meng, K.T.T, Tohid, H., & Omar, K. (2014). Physical and psychosocial impacts of pregnancy on adolescents and their coping
strategies: a descriptive study in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 14(3), 71-80.
Wan Ismail, W. F. (2011). Kesan dan akibat kehamilan remaja. MyHEALTH Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia. [Cited 20 Oct 2020.] Available from URL: http://www.myhealth.gov.my/index.php/kehamilan-remaja/kesan-a-akibat-kehamilan- remaja
Wardle, J., Steptoe, A., Guliš, G., Sartory, G., Sêk, H., Todorova, I., ... & Ziarko, M. (2004). Depression, perceived control, and life satisfaction in university students from Central-Eastern and Western Europe. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 11(1), 27-36. doi:10.1207/s15327558ijbm1101_4
World Health Organization. (2012). Depression a global crisis. World Federation for Mental Health. U.S.A. [Cited 30 Dec 2020.] Available from URL: http://www.who.int
World Health Organization. (2016). Depression. [Cited 16 Oct 2020.] Available from URL: http://www.who.int/topics/depression/en/
Yüksel, A., & Bahadir‐Yilmaz, E. (2019). Relationship between depression, anxiety, cognitive distortions, and psychological well‐being among nursing students. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. doi:10.1111/ppc.12404
Yurica, C. L. dan DiTomasso, R. A. (2005). Cognitive distortions. In A. F. Freeman, S. H. Felgoise, A. M. Nezu, C. M. Nezu, & M. A. Reinecke (Eds.), Encyclopedia of cognitive behavior therapy, 17–122. New York, NY: Springer.
